寫在前面
2015年4月,“榮格與諾伊曼書信研討會”在以色列特拉維夫舉行;以榮格與諾伊曼(Erich Neumann)的上百封通信為基礎(chǔ),借以探討榮格與諾伊曼的思想,分析心理學在當代的發(fā)展;在諸多內(nèi)容的背后,所包含的是諾伊曼的“復活”。顏澤賢、申荷永和高嵐等受邀參加會議。在研討會閉幕講演中,諾伊曼的學生、資深的心理分析師德沃拉·庫津斯基(Dvorah Kutzinski)分享了一個夢——她在諾伊曼去世當天夢到諾伊曼復活了。當時她說,“此次會后,諾伊曼將會復興”。
2019年8月底,在維也納舉行的第21屆國際分析心理學大會上,德沃拉·庫津斯基做了非常精彩、引人深思的演講,她談到:“現(xiàn)今,陰影離我們最近……”
維也納大會后不久,我們與新冠病毒不期而遇,全世界均受波及。疫情引發(fā)世界范圍內(nèi)普遍焦慮,我們不得不面對陰影,或許,陰影離我們?nèi)祟愖罱臅r候就是當下。
2021年4月,東方心理分析研究院與洗心島文化邀請到申荷永老師與諾伊曼的學生、資深的心理分析師德沃拉·庫津斯基進行了一次對話研討,關(guān)于諾伊曼,關(guān)于陰影的議題……“心理分析與沙盤游戲2+3”學員,澳門城大與華南師大心理分析方向碩士和博士等參與。
為了讓讀者更為明晰其中的背景與歷史,我們將陸續(xù)推出一個系列:關(guān)于諾伊曼;德沃拉·庫津斯基眼中的諾伊曼(上)、(下);以及申老師對話德沃拉·庫津斯基。
本文為本系列之4:申荷永對話德沃拉:今天,我們?yōu)楹我廊恍枰Z伊曼?
埃利?!ぶZ伊曼(Erich Neumann,1905-1960)
申荷永:我記得您在2015年“榮格與諾伊曼書信研討會”上所做的閉幕總結(jié)演講,當時您分享了一個夢——您在諾伊曼去世當天守靈的時候,夢到諾伊曼復活了然后您說,“此次會后,諾伊曼將會復興”。那么,我的問題是,諾伊曼復興之意是什么?我深感我們依然需要諾伊曼,其思想的核心是什么?諾伊曼對當今的我們有何重要意義?
德沃拉:諾伊曼思想的復興需要時間,但在我看來,他的復興現(xiàn)在是非常具有現(xiàn)實意義的。正如當下疫情所顯示的,我們面對大自然束手無策,凸顯人類夸大的理性狂妄。諾伊曼強調(diào)大母神、大自然,需要對自然女神抱以謙卑的態(tài)度,這些肯定會讓所有思想者感同身受。
“榮格與諾伊曼書信研討會”,與會者數(shù)百人,來自世界各地(2015·以色列 特拉維夫)
諾伊曼思想的重要主題是:
1.惡與陰影,即與惡的斗爭。埃里希·諾伊曼在大屠殺期間寫了《深度心理學與新道德》,他在書中強調(diào)了與良知相對的內(nèi)在的個人之聲;良知是集體的,由十誡規(guī)定。人必須對自己的陰影負責,而不是將他人當成替罪羊。但這本書并沒有被蘇黎世的榮格分析師們所接受,原因很明顯,直到1949年,他們對猶太分析師都有些限制。
2.女性的重要性(他的著作《大母神》,《女性的心理發(fā)展》,《丘比特與賽姬》、《論莫扎特的魔笛》)。諾伊曼發(fā)現(xiàn)母系意識具有直覺、想象力、本能和接近無意識的特性。
諾伊曼最大的貢獻是發(fā)現(xiàn)了心靈中的母系大陸和女性的重要性,這將是未來時代的主導原型。他最深刻的作品是在愛諾思(Eranos)發(fā)表的演講,那些演講領(lǐng)先于他的時代,并非寫給學生。對實際的臨床分析最有幫助的著作是《意識的起源與歷史》,對于理解病患的夢和他們所處的發(fā)展階段非常有幫助。
3.創(chuàng)造力是他最喜歡的議題。他寫過一篇德語文章:“創(chuàng)造力是心理治療的核心問題”(年輕時,諾伊曼想成為作家)。
回信原文:Dvora: A revival of Neumann's teachings takes time, but it seems to me that now it's very actual, as the epidemic points out man's grandiose rational hubris, leaving us helpless vis a vis nature. Neumann's stress on the Great Mother, nature and the need for a humble attitude towards the Goddess of Nature will surely be felt by all thinking men.
The important themes of Neumann's teachings are:
1. The fight against evil - His "Depth Psychology and a new ethics" was not well received by Zurich. Evil and shadow; Erich Neumann wrote at the time of the holocaust his book; Depths psychology and a new ethics in which he stressed the inner individual voice opposite the consciences; which is collective, dictated by the ten commandments/. Man has to be responsible for his own shadow and not to scapegoat other people. This book was not accepted by the Jungians in Zurich for obvious reasons, they had a numerus clausus against jewish analysts till 1949.
2. The importance of the Feminine (His "Great Mother", "The psychology of the feminine", "Amor and psyche". A commentary of Mozart's "Magic Flute" etc.), Neumann discovered the Matriarchal consciousness with its intuition, imagination, instinct and nearness to the unconsciousness.
The greatest contribution of Neumann is his discovery of the matriarchal continent in the soul and the importance of the feminine, which will be the leading archetype in the coming times. His most profound writings are his Eranos lectures ,which are far ahead and not for students. His most helpful book for practical clinical analysis is the Origins and history of consciousness. It helps very much to understand the dreams of the patients and the stage of development they are in.
3. Creativity which was his most beloved issue. There is an essay of his titled in German: " Das Schoepferische als zentralproblem der psychotherapy" (In his youth Neumann wanted to be a writer).
申老師:2019年,在維也納舉行的第21屆國際分析心理學大會上,您被授予IAAP榮譽會員,并做了非常精彩、引人深思的獲獎感言。您在演講中說到,“現(xiàn)今,陰影離我們最近……”,您此話為何意?您想向我們傳達什么呢?
維也納大會后不久,我們與新冠病毒不期而遇,全世界與整個人類均受波及。您能對新冠病毒有關(guān)的“陰影”議題再談一下嗎?在您看來,我們應以何種方式或態(tài)度應對陰影?
德沃拉被授予IAAP榮譽會員(2019·第21屆國際分析心理學大會)
德沃拉:無論在個人、文化還是原型層面,陰影都可能與我們的終身相伴,所以,如果沒有陰影,便沒有意識,沒有道德規(guī)范。但是我在督導以及與我的病人工作中注意到存在著缺漏:他們大多數(shù)人認為將陰影意識化就足夠了。將陰影同化必須經(jīng)歷痛苦。許多分析師都不愿意讓病人受苦(這是分析師的自戀嗎?尤其是那些想得到病人之愛的分析師?!)。諾伊曼指出,陰影是通往自性化的大門,因為它通常位于在劣勢功能之上,僅將陰影意識化,人只是會接近,而永遠不會真正實現(xiàn)完整性。
回信原文:Dvora: As he is our lifelong partner – on all three layers: the personal, the cultural and the archetypal – there is no consciousness and no moral compass without its existence. But here I notice a lacuna in supervision and with my patients: Most of them think that it's enough to make the Shadow conscious. The assimilation of the Shadow has to be suffered through. Many analysts are averse to let their patients suffer (is it the narcissism of the analyst, who wants to be loved?!) Neumann points out that the Shadow is the door to Individuation, as it usually sits on the inferior function and by making her conscious, the person is nearing- never really achieving- wholeness.
申老師:作為資深的心理分析師、諾伊曼的學生,分析心理學于您而言有何意義?分析心理學最重要的治愈因素是什么?對于學習分析心理學的學生,您有何建議與忠告?
德沃拉:對我來說:最重要、最令人欣慰的問題是,出現(xiàn)圣秘感(Numinosum),我們在自然、音樂和愛中與其相遇。圣秘感使生命有價值,倘若我們對其危險性有所了解。
分析心理學中的治愈因素是積極的移情和反移情,它們最終有助于建立病人的自我-自性軸。我受訓時進行了17年的個人分析。如果不接受個人分析,就沒有分析性訓練。因此,我認為個人分析是最好的訓練。
回信原文:Dvora: For me, the most important and gratifying issue is the appearance of the Numinosum, in nature, music, love where it meets us, which makes life worthwhile, provided we know the dangers of it.
The healing factors in analytical psychology is a positive transference and contratransference which eventually helps to establish the patient's ego-self axis.
My training experience is l7 years of personal analysis, there is no training analysis without submitting yourself to personal analysis, this being the best training.
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